وَهُوَ ٱلَّذِى جَعَلَكُمْ خَلَـٰٓئِفَ ٱلْأَرْضِ وَرَفَعَ بَعْضَكُمْ فَوْقَ بَعْضٍ دَرَجَـٰتٍ لِّيَبْلُوَكُمْ فِى مَآ ءَاتَىٰكُمْ ۗ إِنَّ رَبَّكَ سَرِيعُ ٱلْعِقَابِ وَإِنَّهُۥ لَغَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌۢ 165
Translations
And it is He who has made you successors upon the earth and has raised some of you above others in degrees [of rank] that He may try you through what He has given you. Indeed, your Lord is swift in penalty; but indeed, He is Forgiving and Merciful.
Transliteration
Wa huwa alladhi ja'alakum khalā'ifa al-ardi wa rafa'a ba'dakum fawqa ba'din darajātin li-yabliwakum fī mā ātāykum. Inna rabbaka sarī'u al-'iqāb wa innahū la-ghafūrun rahīm.
Tafsir (Explanation)
This ayah establishes that Allah has appointed humanity as His successors (khalifah) on earth and has differentiated people in terms of wealth, knowledge, and abilities as a test of their character and faith. Classical scholars like Ibn Kathir and Al-Tabari emphasize that these varying degrees are not arbitrary but divine trials to observe how humanity uses the blessings granted to them—whether with justice, gratitude, and obedience. The ayah concludes by balancing divine accountability (swift punishment for transgression) with divine mercy (forgiveness and compassion), offering hope that repentance is always possible.
Revelation Context
This ayah appears near the conclusion of Surah Al-An'am, a Meccan surah that addresses fundamental Islamic doctrines including monotheism, accountability, and human responsibility. The broader context addresses human stewardship on earth and the consequences of how people exercise their roles and use divine gifts.
Related Hadiths
The Prophet (ﷺ) said, 'Wealth and children are the adornments of life, but the everlasting good deed is better' (Sunan At-Tirmidhi 2329), relating to the test of material blessings mentioned in the ayah. Additionally, the concept of khalifah is explored in the hadith about humanity's role on earth as reported in Sahih Muslim.
Themes
Key Lesson
Differences in worldly status—whether in wealth, health, or ability—are tests from Allah to reveal character rather than marks of superiority; believers should use their advantages to serve others justly while remembering that Allah's punishment for injustice is swift, yet His mercy and forgiveness remain available to those who repent.